Human biological aging : from macromolecules to organ-systems /
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| Typ dokumentu: | Kniha |
| Jazyk: | Angličtina |
| Vydáno: |
Hoboken, New Jersey :
Wiley-Blackwell,
[2016]
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| Témata: | |
| On-line přístup: | Elektronická verze přístupná pouze pro studenty a pracovníky MU |
| Příbuzné jednotky: | Tištěná verze::
Human biological aging : from macromolecules to organ-systems. |
Obsah:
- Human Biological Aging: From Macromolecules to Organ Systems
- Contents
- Preface
- About the Companion Website
- Section 1: The Foundation
- Essential Preparatory Material
- Chapter 1: Orientation
- Beginnings of Biogerontology
- Multiple Disciplines Come Together to Study Biological Aging
- Population Aging
- Dramatic Increase in Life Expectancy Due to Public Health Advancements: Sanitation, Clean Water, Vaccines, and Antibiotics
- Does Living Longer Assure Living Healthier?
- Characteristics of Aging
- The Fundamentals of Physics Describe Aging as the Loss of "Molecular Fidelity" That Exceeds Repair and Replacement
- The Commencement of Aging Is Debated
- Rates of Aging Among Different Species May Be Rapid, Gradual, or Negligible
- The Senescence Phenotype Is Highly Variable
- Components of Longevity
- Longevity Is in Part Heritable Through Expression of Longevity Determinants: Mechanisms of Maintenance, Repair, and Replacement
- Longevity of the Centenarians and Supercentenarians Reveals Few Common Threads
- Stochastic Events Exert Major Impact on Lifespan
- Theories of Aging Overview
- Summary
- Critical Thinking
- Key Terms
- Bibliography
- Chapter 2: Measurements and Models
- The Scientific Method
- Types of Data
- Not All Data are of Equal Value
- Issues with Aging Studies in Man
- Studies of Human Aging Encounter Difficulties: Heterogeneity, Organizational Level, and Others
- Aging Assessed from Demographic or Individual Perspective
- Measurement of the Aging Process
- Study Designs Are Mainly Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal
- Cross-Sectional Study Design Infers Aging
- Longitudinal Study Design Measures Aging Directly
- Randomized Controlled Trials and Meta-Analysis are Additional Formats for the Study of Aging in Man
- Caloric Restriction: Life Extension Experiment.
- Physiological Changes with Caloric Restriction
- CR in Man is Underway
- Mechanisms of Caloric Restriction
- CR is Analogous to Food Shortage in the "Wild"
- Caloric Restriction as an Example of Hormesis
- Laboratory Animal Models
- Animal Models Are Useful Adjuncts to the Study of the Aging Process
- Yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- Roundworm: Caenorhabditis elegans
- Fruit fly: Drosophila melanogaster
- Mouse: Mus musculus
- Nonhuman Primate: Macaca mulatta
- Man As Model: Baltimore Longitudinal Study
- Progeroid Syndromes as Premature Aging
- Summary
- Critical Thinking
- Key Terms
- Bibliography
- Chapter 3: Evolutionary Theories of Aging
- Historical Views and Insights
- Unsupportable Programmed Aging Is Replaced by Evolutionary Tenets
- Darwin's Evolutionary Tenets
- Natural Selection Favors Survival Traits
- Genes and Evolution
- Genes (DNA Sequences) Possess the Hereditary Information That Is Passed from Generation to Generation through the Germline (Gametes)
- Evolved Traits Arise through Genetic Variations
- Contemporary Evolutionary Theories: Disposable Soma Theory (Dst), Antagonistic Pleiotropy Theory (Apt), and Mutation Accumulation Theory (Mat)
- Aging Is a Side Effect of Evolution
- Antagonistic Pleiotropy Theory
- Genes that Benefit Fitness in the Young Become Deleterious in the Aged
- Mutation Accumulation
- Genes Expressed Late in Life Remain in the Gene Pool and May Be Deleterious
- Disposable Soma Theory
- Evolutionary Life History of a Species Determines Degree of Investment in Germline (Reproductive Success) and in Soma Maintenance (Longevity)
- DST Predictions: Relation of Fecundity and Longevity
- Relation of Longevity and Maintenance Mechanisms
- DST Explains the Lifespan Extension Effects of Caloric Restriction as an Evolutionary Conserved Adaptation to Food Shortage.
- The DST Applies Only to Species that Age and Reproduce Sexually
- Summary
- Critical Thinking
- Key Terms
- Bibliography
- Section 2: Basic Components
- Introduction to Macromolecules and Cells
- Loss of Molecular Fidelity Is the Essence of Aging
- Biological Organization of the Organism Begins with Atoms That Combine to Form Molecules and More Complex Structures: Macromolecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems
- Biologically Important Atoms
- Key Molecules Are Amino Acids, Fatty Acids, Sugars, Bases, Water, and Phosphates
- Major Macromolecules Are Proteins, Lipids, Polysaccharides, and Nucleic Acids
- Macromolecules Are Constantly Formed (Biosynthesized) and Broken Down (Degraded)
- The Three-Dimensional Structure of Macromolecules Determines Function
- Altered Structure Produces Reduced or Absent Function
- The Cell Is the Smallest Enclosed Unit of Living Matter
- Chapter 4: Aging of Macromolecules
- Introduction to Oxidative Stress Hypotheses
- Oxidation/Reduction Principles
- Transfer of One or More Electrons between Molecules is Essential for Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
- Free Radicals Initiate Damage Because They are Highly Reactive Particles with an Unpaired Electron
- Non-Radical Oxidants are Strong Oxidants with Paired Electrons
- They May Act as Signal Molecules and as Mediators of the Oxidative State of the Cell
- Oxidative Stress
- Oxidative Stress Represents the Measureable Increase in Radical and Non-Radical Oxidants in an Organism
- Sources of Oxidative Stress
- Oxidative Stress Arises from External and Internal Sources under Controlled and Uncontrolled Conditions
- Targets of Oxidative Stress: Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Lipids
- Nucleic Acids as Oxidative Targets
- Oxidation of Nucleic Acids Cause Major Detrimental Effects on Gene Expression and Cell Division.
- Oxidative Target: Proteins
- Protein Activity is Diverse, Essential to Normal Cell Function, and Tightly Regulated
- Protein Glycation Produces Cross-Linkage
- Oxidation Disrupts Enzyme Activity
- Direct Damage or Loss of Cell Signaling Deprives the Cell of Important Protein-Dependent Activities
- Lipids as Oxidative Targets
- Spontaneous Oxidation of Membrane Unsaturated Fatty Acids Produces a Variety of Toxic Compounds
- Enzymatically Controlled Oxidations Yield Important Signaling Molecules
- Saccharides as Oxidative Initiators
- Elevated Levels of Sugars Pose Serious Oxidation Threat
- Countermeasures
- Maintenance Mechanisms that Suppress Oxidative Stress: Antioxidant Enzymes
- Redox Pairs
- NER/BER System
- Msr System
- Cell Organelles
- SOD/Catalase/Glutathione Peroxidase are Antioxidant Enzymes that Convert Oxidants to Less Reactive Species
- Glutathione and Thioredoxin are Redox Pairs that Shuttle Two Electrons to Prevent Persistent Oxidation of Thiol and Similar Groups
- Msr System is a Selective System that Prevents Oxidation of Thiol Groups on the Amino Acid Methionine
- NER and BER Systems Protect Nucleic Acids from Oxidation
- The Composition of the Macromolecule is Important
- Strengths and Weaknesses of Oxidative Stress Theories
- Oxidative Stress Hypothesis
- Redox Stress Hypothesis
- Summary
- Critical Thinking
- Key Terms
- Bibliography
- Chapter 5: Aging of Cells
- Role of Organelle
- Organelles Separately and Together Maintain the Cell
- How Organelles Age
- Mt Contain Their Own DNA
- Mt Biosynthesize ATP to Power the Cell
- Mt Determine the Fate of the Cell
- Mt Regulate the Level of ROS
- Mt Dysfunction Is Present in Tissues from Aged Humans
- The mt Free Radical Theory of Aging Proposes mt ROS as a Cause of Aging
- Mt are Mobile with Changing Morphology.
- Altered mt Dynamics as Effecter of Cell Aging
- Lysosomes Recycle Defective Substructures, Oxidized Macromolecules, and Other Cell Components
- Autophagy Occurs by Three Different Pathways
- Autophagy Declines with Age Possibly Due to Loss of the Receptor-Transporter (LAMP-2A) and/or Defective mt
- Peroxisomes Perform Oxidations and Biosynthesize Compounds
- Peroxisomes Lose the Ability to Import Catalase to Degrade Hydrogen Peroxide
- Nucleus Is the Locus of the Genetic Blueprint for the Cell
- DNA Experiences Telomere Shortening and Epigenetic Modifications
- Proposed Deficiency of Nuclear Lamins
- Cellular Aging: Observations and Hypotheses
- The Cell Cycle Is a Tightly Regulated Process of Checklists and Checkpoints
- Permanent Cell Cycle Arrest (Replicative Senescence) Occurs with Age
- Mitotic Cells Express the Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP)
- Stem Cells Are Pluripotent and Replenish Missing Cells
- Aging Postmitotic Cells May Activate Apoptosis: Cause of Tissue Atrophy
- Organelle Dysfunction Is the Main Reason Postmitotic Cells Undergo Apoptosis
- Cell Death Occurs By Autophagy, Apoptosis, or Necrosis
- Relation of Cellular Aging to Disease
- Summary
- Critical Thinking
- Key Terms
- Bibliography
- Section 3: Organ Systems: Outer Covering and Movement: Integumentary, Skeletal Muscles, and Skeletal Systems
- Chapter 6: Aging of the Integumentary System
- Overview
- Unique Aspects of the Integument (Skin)
- Skin Aging Results from Extrinsic and Intrinsic Effects
- Skin Layers
- Epidermis, Dermis, and Hypodermis Define the Skin
- Keratinocytes of the Epidermis Are Continually Renewed from the Basal Layer
- Melanocytes and Langerhans Cells Provide Protection
- Aging of the Epidermis
- Extrinsic Aging of the Epidermis
- UVR Is the Main Cause of Extrinsic Aging
- Pollution Also Contributes.