Obsah: Diet and nutrition in palliative care /

Diet and nutrition in palliative care /

Uloženo v:

Podrobná bibliografie
Další autoři:	Preedy, Victor R. (Editor)
Typ dokumentu:	Kniha
Jazyk:	Angličtina
Vydáno:	Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, c2011
Témata:	Nursing Palliative treatment Terminal care nutriční terapie ošetřovatelství paliativní péče Palliative Care Nutrition Therapy Terminal Care

Přejít na ObalkyKnih.cz

Obsah:

Machine generated contents note: Section I Setting the Scene
ch. 1 Need for a Specialized Interest in Food and Nutrition in Palliative Care / Eleni Tsiompanou
1.1.Introduction
1.2.Nutrition is a Science and an Art
1.3.Nutrition as an Important Subject for Patients and their Carers
1.4.Recent Advances in the Science of Nutrition: Genes and the Environment
1.4.1.Nutrigenomics and Epigenetics: How Diet Affects Our `Internal Environment'
1.4.2.Telomeres
1.4.3.The Importance of Micronutrients on Symptom Control
1.4.4.Cancer Survivors
1.5.Multistep Approach to Nutritional Care
1.6.The Diet of People in Illness Should be Different to their Diet in Health
1.6.1.Alteration of Diet in Palliative Care Patients
1.6.2.Food as Medicine
1.6.3.Nutrition as a Safety Issue
1.6.4.Nutritional Care at the End-of-Life
1.7.Development of Specialists: The Need for Nutrition Education
1.8.Conclusion
Summary Points
Acknowledgments
List of Abbreviations
References
ch. 2 What Do We Mean by Palliative Care? / Catherine Walshe
2.1.Introduction: Why is it Important to Define Palliative Care?
2.1.1.Changing Terms and Their Usage
2.1.2.Value-Laden Interpretations
2.1.3.Defining Palliative Care is Difficult
2.2.Current Definitions of Palliative Care and its Associated Terms
2.3.Key Elements of Definitions
2.3.1.Patient Population
2.3.2.Timing
2.3.3.Holistic Care (Total, Active, and Individualised Patient Care)
2.3.4.Patient, Family and Carers (Support for the Family), and Bereavement Care
2.3.5.Multidisciplinary/Multiprofessional Team
Summary Points
List of Abbreviations
References
ch. 3 The World's Major Religions' Views on End-of-Life Issues / Hans-Henrik Billow
3.1.Introduction
3.2.Demographic Challenges
3.3.The Various Religions
3.3.1.Christianity
3.3.1.1.Roman Catholic Perspective
3.3.1.2.Protestantism
3.3.1.3.Greek Orthodox
3.3.2.Judaism
3.3.3.Islam
3.3.4.Hindu and Sikh
3.3.5.Confucian and Taoism
3.3.6.Buddhism
3.4.Guidelines
Ethical Issues
Summary Points
References
ch. 4 Why Surgeons Are Ambivalent about Palliative Treatments: A Personal Perspective / Geoffrey P. Dunn
4.1.Introduction
4.2.Background: The Convergent Evolution of the Palliative Model Within and Outside of the Field of Surgery
4.3.What Burn Care Has Taught Surgeons about Palliative Care
4.4.Barriers to the Assimilation of Palliative Principles in Surgical Practice
4.4.1.Cognitive Barriers
4.4.2.Psychologic Barriers
4.4.3.Socioeconomic Barriers
4.4.4.Spiritual Barriers
4.5.Overcoming Surgeons' Ambivalence about Palliative Treatments: The Way Forward
4.6.Summary
Key Facts
Facts about Surgeons
Summary Points
List of Abbreviations
References
ch. 5 Sedation in Palliative Care and Its Impact on Nutrition / Constans A. Verhagen
5.1.Introduction
5.2.What is Palliative Sedation?
5.3.Appropriate Use of Palliative Sedation
5.4.Current Practice in Palliative Sedation
5.5.Guidelines for Palliative Sedation
5.6.Nutritional Patterns of Terminally Ill Patients
5.7.Feeding and Hydration in Terminally Ill Patients
5.7.1.Beneficial Effects of Nutrition and Hydration
5.7.2.Detrimental Effects of Nutrition and Hydration
5.7.3.Ethical Concerns Regarding Nutrition and Hydration
5.8.Nutrition in Sedated Patients
5.8.1.Important Points to Consider
5.8.2.Continuous Sedation
5.8.3.Intermittent Sedation
5.8.4.Light Sedation
5.9.Ethical Considerations of Nutrition
5.10.Applications to Other Areas of Terminal or Palliative Care
5.11.Practical Methods and Techniques
Key Points
Summary Point
References
ch. 6 Quality of Life and Aspects of Diet and Nutrition in Dying Children / Finella Craig
6.1.Introduction
6.2.Nutritional Assessment
6.3.Feeding and Nutritional Difficulties in Children with Life-Limiting/Life-Threatening Disease
6.3.1.Mechanical Difficulties: Unsafe Swallow, Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux (GOR)
6.3.2.Gut Dysfunction (Dysmotility and Hypersensitivity)
6.4.Physiological and Other Contributory Factors
6.4.1.Psychological/Social Influences
6.5.End-of-Life Care
6.6.Management
6.7.Tube Feeding
6.7.1.Types of Feeding Tubes
6.7.1.1.Nasogastric Tubes
6.7.1.2.Gastrostomy Tubes
6.7.1.3.Nasojejunal and Jejunostomy Tubes
6.7.1.4.Bolus and Continuous Tube Feeds
6.8.Total Parenteral Nutrition
6.9.Multidisciplinary Teamwork
Ethical Issues
Summary Points
List of Abbreviations
References
ch. 7 Nutrition and Quality of Life in Adults Receiving Palliative Care / Caroline J. Hollins Martin
7.1.Introduction: The Importance of Nutrition during Palliative Care
7.2.Categories of Nutritional Support
7.3.Issues Regarding Nutritional State, and Palliative Care and Treatment
7.4.Quality of Life
7.5.Definitions of Quality of Life
7.6.Assessment of Quality of Life in People Receiving Palliative Care
7.7.Nutrition, Nutritional Interventions, and QOL
7.8.Application to Other Areas of Health and Disease
Definition of Key Points
Summary Points
List of Abbreviations
References
ch. 8 Refractory Cancer Cachexia / F. Strasser
8.1.Introduction
8.2.Simple Starvation
8.3.Prevalence and Significance of Cancer Cachexia
8.3.1.Phases
8.3.2.Current Management of Cachexia
8.3.3.Refractory Cachexia
8.3.4.Diagnosing Cachexia
8.3.5.Phases of Cachexia
8.4.Diagnosing Refractory Cachexia
8.4.1.Stores
8.4.2.Intake
8.4.3.Potential
8.4.4.Performance
8.5.Treatment
8.5.1.Palliative Cancer Care
8.5.2.Treatment of Refractory Cachexia
8.5.2.1.Nutritional Interventions
8.5.2.2.Pharmacological Interventions
8.6.Psychosocial Interventions and Emotional Support
8.7.Applications to Other Areas of Terminal or Palliative Care
8.8.Practical Methods and Techniques
8.8.1.Interventions
Key Points
Ethical Issues
Summary Points
Acknowledgments
List of Abbreviations
References
Section II Cultural Aspects
ch. 9 Nutrition and Hydration in Palliative Care: Japanese Perspectives / Tatsuya Morita
9.1.Introduction
9.2.Concept of a Good Death for Japanese
9.3.Opinions of Patients, Families, and the General Public
9.4.Attitudes of Physicians and Nurses Toward Artificial Hydration
9.5.Essence of the Clinical Guideline
9.5.1.Aims, Target Population, and Quality of Life
9.5.2.Conceptual Framework
9.5.3.Development Process
9.5.4.Specific Recommendations
9.5.4.1.General QOL
9.5.4.2.Ascites
9.5.4.3.Thirst
9.5.4.4.Delirium
9.5.4.5.Bronchial Secretion
9.6.Guidelines
Key Facts Regarding Artificial Hydration for Terminally 111 Cancer Patients
Ethical Issues
Summary Points
Note
References
ch. 10 Nutritional Support in Palliative Care: Chinese Perspectives / Ching-Yu Chen
10.1.Introduction
10.2.Prevalence of Anorexia, Cachexia and Malnutrition in Terminal Cancer Patients
10.3.Current Status of Nutritional Support in Palliative Care
10.4.Applications of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Palliative Care
10.5.Meaning of Nutritional Support in End-of-Life Care: Practical Guidelines
10.6.Ethical Dilemma Issues of Nutrition and Fluid Support in Terminal Cancer Patients
10.7.Conclusion
Summary Points
Acknowledgment
List of Abbreviations
References
ch. 11 An Overview of the Indian Perspective on Palliative Care with Particular Reference to Nutrition and Diet / N. Ananthakrishnan
11.1.Introduction
11.2.Relevance of Palliative Care in India
11.3.Difficulty of Palliative Care in India
11.3.1.Resource Deficit
11.3.2.Government Policy
11.3.3.Attitudes of the Medical Fraternity
11.3.4.Lack of Open Communication
11.3.5.Attitudes Towards Hospices
11.4.Factors Conducive to a Good Palliative Care Model in the Country
11.4.1.Family
11.4.2.Support Structures
11.4.3.Cancer Epidemiology
11.4.4.Complementary and Alternate Forms of Medicine
11.5.Overview of Dietary and Nutritional Practices in India
11.6.Nutritional Issues in Palliative Care
Ethical Issues
Summary Points
List of Abbreviations
References
ch. 12 Cultural Aspects of Forgoing Tube Feeding in American and Hong Kong Chinese Patients at the End-of-Life / Samantha Mei-Che Pang
12.1.Introduction
12.2.A Tale of Two Communities
12.3.To Debate or Not to Debate
12.4.Tube-Feeding Decision in the Cultural Context
12.5.Tube Feeding as an Option or a Solution
12.6.Eating Can Never Be Replaced
12.7.Different Cultures, Same Concern
12.8.Applications to Other Areas of Terminal or Palliative Care
12.9.Features of Tube-Feeding Decisions in Chinese Culture
Ethical Issues
Summary of Key Points
Acknowledgments
List of Abbreviations
References
Section III General Aspects
ch. 13 Stents in the Gastrointestinal Tract in Palliative Care / Iruru Maetani
13.1.Introduction
13.2.Esophagus
13.2.1.Malignant Esophageal Stricture
13.2.2.Stent Placement
13.2.3.Practical Methods and Techniques
13.2.4.Efficacy and Complications
13.2.5.Cervical Esophagus and GE Junction
13.3.Stomach and Duodenum
13.3.1.Gastric Outlet Obstruction
13.3.2.Stent Placement
13.3.3.Practical Methods and Techniques
13.3.4.Efficacy and Complications
13.3.5.Stent Placement versus Gastrojejunostomy
13.4.Colorectum
13.4.1.Colorectal Obstruction
13.4.2.Stent Placement
13.4.3.Practical Methods and Techniques
13.4.4.Efficacy and Complications
13.4.5.Stent Placement versus Surgical Alternatives
13.5.Application of Stenting to Other Areas of Palliative Care
Ethical Issues
Summary Points
List of Abbreviations
References
ch. 14 Artificial Nutrition, Advance Directives, and End-of-Life in Nursing Homes / Cheryl Ann Monturo
14.1.Introduction
Note continued: 14.2.Nursing Homes
14.2.1.Personnel to Meet the Demands
14.2.2.Palliative Care Services
14.2.3.Palliative Care Education
14.2.4.Regulations
14.2.5.Cognitive Impairment
14.3.Advance Directives
14.3.1.Historical Evolution
14.3.2.Usefulness of Advance Directives
14.4.Artificial Nutrition
14.4.1.Enteral Nutrition History
14.4.2.Enteral Nutrition Use
14.5.Practical Guidelines for Alternatives to Artificial Nutrition
Key Features of Nursing Homes
Ethical Issues
Summary Points
Acknowledgments
List of Abbreviations
References
ch. 15 Support for Hydration at End-of-Life / Robin L. Fainsinger
15.1.Introduction
15.2.Background to the Hydration Controversy
15.3.Clarifying Terminology
15.4.Hydration Research
15.5.Social, Cultural, and Ethical Issues
15.6.Options for Alternative Hydration
15.6.1.Nasogastric Tubes and Gastrostomy
15.6.2.Hypodermoclysis
15.6.3.Rectal Hydration
Key Points
Summary Points
References
ch. 16 Palliative Treatment of Dysphagia / Christian Selinger
16.1.Introduction
16.2.Pathophysiology and Anatomy of Dysphagia
16.2.1.Neuromuscular Dysphagia
16.2.2.Dysphagia by Oral, Head and Neck Cancers
16.2.2.1.Oesophageal and High Gastric Obstruction
16.2.2.2.Gastric Outlet Obstruction
16.3.Applications to Other Areas of Terminal or Palliative Care
16.4.Practical Procedures and Techniques
16.4.1.Nasogastric Tube (NG) Insertion
16.4.2.Endoscopically Placed Feeding Tubes
16.4.3.Radiologically Induced Gastrostomy
16.4.4.Stents
16.4.5.Surgically Placed Feeding Tubes
16.4.6.Surgical Bypass Procedures
16.5.Evidence for Dysphagia Treatment According to Indication
16.5.1.Neurological and Muscular Disorders
16.5.1.1.Stroke Disease
16.5.1.2.Motor-Neuron Disease
16.5.1.3.Dementia
16.5.2.Other Neuromuscular Diseases
16.6.Head and Neck Tumours
16.6.1.Oesophageal and High Gastric Obstruction
16.6.2.Gastric Outlet Obstruction
Ethical Issues
Summary Points
List of Abbreviations
References
ch. 17 Fatigue in Hospice Cancer Patients: How Do Nutritional Factors Contribute? / Shiow-Ching Shun
17.1.Introduction
17.2.Definition of Cancer-Related Fatigue (CRF)
17.3.Pathophysiology of Fatigue
17.4.Malnutrition and Cancer-Related Fatigue in Terminal Patients
17.4.1.Malnutrition, Cachexia, and Fatigue
17.4.2.Malnutrition Related to Anorexia, Treatments, and Cancer
17.5.Cancer-Related Symptoms Directly Influencing Food Intake and Fatigue
17.5.1.Head and Neck Cancer-Related Problems
17.5.2.Gastrointestinal System-Related Problems and Malnutrition
17.6.Common Physical Symptoms Related to Food Intake and Fatigue
17.7.Psychological Distress, Fatigue, and Malnutrition
17.8.Managing Cancer-Related Fatigue in Terminal Cancer Patients: Integrating Nutrition-Related Factors
Ethical Issues
Summary Points
List of Abbreviation
References
ch. 18 Taste Alteration in Palliative Care / Michio Sata
18.1.Introduction
18.2.Types of Taste Alterations
18.2.1.Assessments of Taste Alteration
18.2.2.Mechanisms of Taste Alteration
18.3.Practical Methods and Techniques
18.3.1.Modification of Food
18.3.1.1.Flavors
18.3.1.2.Palatability
18.3.2.Agents
18.3.2.1.Sialogogues
18.3.2.2.Saliva substitutes
18.3.3.Nutrients
18.3.3.1.Zinc
18.3.3.2.BCAA
18.4.Conclusion
Summary Points
Acknowledgments
List of Abbreviation
References
ch. 19 Olfaction in Palliative Care Patients / Yoav P. Talmi
19.1.Introduction
19.2.Biology of Olfaction
19.3.Causes of Impaired Olfaction
19.4.Practical Methods and Techniques
Summary Points
References
ch. 20 Withholding or Withdrawing Nutritional Support at the End-of-Life in Six European Countries / Agnes van der Heide
20.1.Introduction
20.2.Nation-Wide Death Certificate Studies
20.2.1.Frequencies of Withholding or Withdrawing ANH in Six West European Countries
20.2.2.Characteristics of Patients in Whom ANH was Forgone in Six West European Countries
20.3.Communication About Withholding or Withdrawing ANH
20.4.Withholding or Withdrawing ANH in Combination with Possibly Life-Shortening Drugs to Relieve Symptoms
20.5.International Differences
20.6.Applications to Other Areas of Terminal or Palliative Care
20.7.Guidelines
Key Facts in How to Distinguish Forgoing Artificial Nutrition or Hydration from Other Medical End-of-Life Decisions
Ethical Issues
Summary Points
Acknowledgments
List of Abbreviations
References
Section IV Cancer
ch. 21 The Concept of Cachexia-Related Suffering (CRS) in Palliative Cancer Care / F. Strasser
21.1.Introduction
21.2.Malnutrition
21.3.Cachexia-Related Suffering (CRS)
21.3.1.Prevalence of CRS
21.3.2.Characteristics of CRS
21.3.2.1.Presentation of CRS
21.3.2.2.Mechanisms Leading to CRS
21.3.3.Reactions to CRS
21.3.3.1.Constructive Reactions
21.3.3.2.Adverse Reactions
21.3.4.Assessment of CRS
21.4.Applications to Other Areas of Terminal or Palliative Care
21.5.Practical Methods and Techniques
Key Points
Ethical Issues
Summary Points
Acknowledgments
List of Abbreviations
References
ch. 22 An Overview of Gastrointestinal Side Effects in Tumour Therapy: Implications for Nutrition / Frank Mayer
22.1.Introduction
22.2.Nausea and Vomiting
22.2.1.Pharmacological Therapy of Nausea and Vomiting
22.2.2.Nutritional Impact of Nausea and Vomiting
22.2.2.1.General Aspects
22.2.2.2.Ginger to Prevent or Reduce Emesis
22.3.Mucositis
22.3.1.Prevention and Therapy of Mucositis
22.3.2.Nutritional Impact of Mucositis
22.4.Diarrhoea
22.4.1.Assessment and Early Intervention
22.4.2.Nutritional Impact of Diarrhoea
22.4.2.1.Glutamine for Protection of the Intestinal Mucosa
22.4.2.2.Probiotics for Prevention of Diarrhoea
22.5.Constipation
22.5.1.Pharmacological Therapy of Constipation
22.5.2.Managing Constipation
22.5.3.Nutritional Impact of Constipation
22.6.Changes in Perception of Taste and Smell
Key Facts of Malnutrition
Ethical Issues
Summary Points
List of Abbreviations
References
ch. 23 Nutritional Status and Relationship to Upper Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients with Advanced Cancer Receiving Palliative Care / Tiziana Sappia
23.1.Introduction
23.1.1.Malnutrition: Causes and Consequences
23.2.Application to Other Areas of Palliative Care
23.3.Practical Procedures and Techniques
23.3.1.Case History
23.3.2.Dietary Records
23.3.3.Physical Examination
23.3.4.Anthropometric Assessment
23.3.4.1.Body Weight
23.3.4.2.Body Height
23.3.4.3.Circumferences
23.3.5.Laboratory Analysis
23.3.5.1.Plasma Proteins
23.3.5.2.Laboratory Analysis to Assess Muscle Mass
23.3.5.3.Nitrogen Balance
23.3.5.4.Immunological Tests
23.3.5.5.Functional Tests
23.3.6.Nutritional Screening Tools
23.3.7.Human Body Composition
23.3.7.1.Body Composition Measurement Techniques
23.4.Aspects of Nutritional Status in Palliative Care
23.5.Relationship between Nutritional Status and Upper Gastrointestinal Symptoms
Ethical Issues
Summary Points
List of Abbreviations
References
ch. 24 Nutrition and Palliative Surgery for Head and Neck Cancer / Ryuichi Hayashi
24.1.Introduction
24.1.1.Advanced Head and Neck Cancer
24.1.2.Nutrition and Quality of Life
24.2.Applications in Other Areas of Terminal or Palliative Care
24.3.Practical Methods and Techniques
24.3.1.Palliative Surgery
24.3.2.Complications and Hospitalization
24.3.3.Case 1
24.3.4.Case 2
24.3.5.Indication
Key Facts of Head and Neck Cancer
Ethical Issues
Summary Points
List of Abbreviations
References
ch. 25 Total Parenteral Nutrition for Patients with Advanced, Life-Limiting Cancer: Clinical Context, Potential Risks and Benefits, and a Suggested Approach / Jane L. Wheeler
25.1.Introduction
25.2.Metabolic Changes in the Patient with Advanced Cancer
25.3.Cancer Anorexia-Cachexia Syndrome
25.4.Total Parenteral Nutrition
25.5.Clinical Risks Associated with TPN
25.6.Potential Negative Effects of TPN
25.7.Potential Positive Effects of TPN
25.8.Applications to Other Areas of Terminal or Palliative Care
25.9.Guidelines for Clinical Practice
25.9.1.Guidelines for Patients with Advanced Cancer
25.9.2.Additional Factors Influencing the Palliative Use of TPN
25.9.3.TPN: A Pragmatic Clinical Approach
Key Points to Communicate to Patients and Their Families
Ethical Issues
Summary Points
List of Abbreviations
References
ch. 26 Vitamin Deficiency in Patients with Terminal Cancer / Dominic J. Harrington
26.1.Introduction
26.1.1.Challenges Faced by Patients with Terminal Cancer
26.2.Fat-Soluble Vitamins
26.2.1.Vitamin A
26.2.2.Vitamin D
26.2.3.Vitamin E
26.2.4.Vitamin K
26.3.Water-Soluble Vitamins
26.3.1.Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
26.3.2.Folate (Vitamin B9)
26.3.3.Vitamin B12
26.3.4.Vitamin B6
26.3.5.Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
26.3.6.Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
26.3.7.Niacin (Vitamin B3)
26.3.8.Biotin (Vitamin B7)
26.3.9.Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5)
26.4.Practical Methods and Techniques
26.4.1.Fat-Soluble Vitamins
26.4.1.1.Vitamin A
26.4.1.2.Vitamin D
26.4.1.3.Vitamin E
26.4.1.4.Vitamin K
26.4.2.Water-Soluble Vitamins
26.4.2.1.Vitamin C
26.4.2.2.Folate
26.4.2.3.Vitamin B12
26.4.2.4.Vitamin B6
26.4.2.5.Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
26.4.2.6.Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
26.4.2.7.Niacin (Vitamin B3)
26.4.2.8.Biotin (Vitamin B7)
26.4.2.9.Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5)
Key Facts: Vitamin Deficiency in Patients with Terminal Cancer
Summary Points
Acknowledgments
List of Abbreviations
References
Note continued: ch. 27 Position of Appetite and Nausea in Symptom Clusters in Palliative Radiation Therapy / Edward Chow
27.1.Introduction
27.2.Key Features of Symptom Clusters
27.2.1.What Are They?
27.2.2.Why Are They Useful?
27.3.Tools Used in Symptom Cluster Research
27.4.Radiation-Induced Nausea/Vomiting
27.5.Nausea/Vomiting and Appetite in Symptom Clusters in Bone Metastases
27.6.Nausea/Vomiting and Appetite in Symptom Clusters in Brain Metastases
27.6.1.Studies Conducted
27.6.2.Study Conclusions
27.7.Applications to Other Areas of Palliative Care
27.8.Guidelines
Ethical Issues
Summary Points
List of Abbreviations
References
ch. 28 Palliative Gastrojejunostomy and the Impact on Nutrition in Cancer / Jeffrey M. Farma
28.1.Introduction
28.1.1.Acute Presentation of GOO
28.1.2.Clinical Presentation
28.1.3.Diagnostic Evaluation
28.2.Nutritional Complications of GOO
28.2.1.Proximal GOO
28.2.2.Duodenal and Biliary Obstruction
28.2.3.Pancreatic Duct Obstruction
28.2.4.Nutritional Deficiencies
28.3.Surgical Techniques
28.3.1.Gastrojejunostomy
28.3.2.Risks Associated with Gastrojejunostomy
28.3.3.Partial Stomach-Partitioning Gastrojejunostomy
28.3.4.Role of Prophylactic Gastrojejunostomy
28.4.Biliary Obstruction
28.5.Minimally Invasive Surgical Techniques
28.6.Non-Surgical Options
28.7.Guidelines
Ethical Issues
Summary Points
List of Abbreviations
References
Section V Other Conditions
ch. 29 Nutritional Support in the Vegetative State: Artificial Nutrition and Hydration in the Limbo between Life and Death / Giuseppe Nattino
29.1.Introduction
29.1.1.The Vegetative State
29.1.2.Nutrition in PVS Patients
29.2.Applications to Other Areas of Terminal or Palliative Care
29.3.Practical Methods and Techniques
29.3.1.Energy Expenditure
29.3.2.Nutritional Requirements in PVS Patients
29.3.3.Enteral Feeding Routes and Techniques
29.3.4.Complications and Their Prevention
29.3.4.1.Constipation, Impaired Gastrointestinal Motility, and Diarrhea
29.3.4.2.Tube Occlusion
29.3.4.3.Accidental Tube Removal
29.3.4.4.Gastric Sores Due to the Internal Portion of the Tube
29.3.4.5.Intestinal Occlusion by Tube Dragging
29.4.Ethical Issues
29.4.1.Artificial Nutrition and Hydration (ANH): Medical Treatment or Loving Care?
29.4.2.Withdrawing ANH
29.4.3.Ethical Principles Informing the Decision
Summary Points
List of Abbreviations
References
ch. 30 Nutrition and Appetite Regulation in Children and Adolescents with End-Stage Renal Failure / Jorg Dotsch
30.1.Introduction
30.2.Appetite Regulation
30.2.1.Normal Appetite Regulation
30.2.2.Dysregulation of Appetite in End-Stage Renal Disease
30.2.2.1.Leptin and Ghrelin
30.2.2.2.Uremia
30.3.Protein Energy Wasting
30.3.1.Inflammation
30.3.2.Dialysate Nutrient Losses
30.3.3.Metabolic Acidosis
30.3.4.Endocrine Disorders and Concomitant Diseases
30.4.Nutrition and Diet
30.4.1.General Aspects of Nutrition and Diet in End-Stage Renal Failure
30.4.1.1.Calories, Protein, and Body Weight
30.4.1.2.Sodium and Fluids
30.4.1.3.Phosphorus and Calcium
30.4.1.4.Potassium
30.4.1.5.Vitamins and Minerals
30.4.2.Infants
30.4.3.Children
30.4.4.Adolescents
30.4.5.Adults
30.5.Application to Other Areas of Terminal or Palliative Care
30.6.Practical Methods and Techniques
Key Facts of Renal Failure
Ethical Issues
Summary Points
List of Abbreviations
References
ch. 31 Nutrition in End-Stage Liver Disease / Valentina Medici
31.1.Introduction
31.2.Pathophysiology of Malnutrition in End-Stage Liver Disease
31.3.Specific Nutrient Deficiencies in End-Stage Liver Disease and Associated Clinical Features
31.3.1.Protein Calorie Malnutrition
31.3.2.Vitamins
31.3.3.Minerals
31.4.Evaluation of Nutritional Status in End-Stage Liver Disease
31.5.Treatment
31.6.Applications to Other Areas of Terminal or Palliative Care
31.7.Practical Methods and Techniques
Key Points of Malnutrition in End-Stage Liver Disease
Ethical Issues
Summary Points
List of Abbreviation
References
ch. 32 Nutritional Therapy in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Susanne Petri
32.1.Introduction
32.2.Nutrition Principles in ALS
32.3.Management of Dysphagia
32.4.Enteral Nutrition in ALS
32.4.1.Nasogastric Tube in ALS
32.4.2.Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy in ALS
32.4.2.1.Timing of PEG Tube Placement
32.4.2.2.PEG and Aspiration
32.4.3.Percutaneous Radiologic Gastrostomy/Radiologically Inserted Gastrostomy
32.5.Home Parenteral Nutrition in ALS
Ethical Issues
Summary Points
List of Abbreviations
References
ch. 33 Nutritional Considerations of Palliative Care in Rare Disease: The Motor Disorder Disease Achalasia / Fabio Cisaro
33.1.Introduction
33.2.Pathophysiology
33.3.Clinical Picture and Diagnosis
33.4.Treatment Options
33.4.1.Pharmacologic Treatments
33.4.2.Endoscopic Procedures
33.4.3.Surgical Treatment
33.5.Applications to Other Areas of Palliative Care
33.6.Guidelines and Practical Methods and Techniques
33.7.Nutritional Aspects of Achalasia
Ethical Issues
Summary Points
List of Abbreviations
References
Section VI Pharmacological Aspects
ch. 34 Steroid-Induced Side Effects Affecting Diet and Nutrition in Palliative Care: Oral Candidiasis and Other Conditions / Jana Pilkey
34.1.Introduction
34.2.Oral and Esophageal Candidiasis
34.3.Risk Factors
34.4.Practical Methods and Techniques
34.4.1.Diagnosis
34.4.2.Treatment
34.4.3.Ethical Issues
34.5.Gastritis and Gastroduodenal Ulceration
34.5.1.Incidence
34.5.2.Risk Factors
34.6.Practical Methods and Techniques
34.6.1.Prophylaxis and Treatment
34.6.2.Ethical Issues
34.7.Impaired Glucose Metabolism
34.7.1.Monitoring
34.7.2.Practical Methods and Techniques
34.7.2.1.Oral Agents
34.7.2.2.Insulin
34.7.3.Ethics and Diabetic Management in the Dying
34.7.4.Hiccups
34.8.Applications to Other Areas of Palliative Care
Summary Points
Acknowledgments
List of Abbreviations
References
ch. 35 Appetite Stimulant Use in the Palliative Care of Cystic Fibrosis / Darcie D. Streetman
35.1.Introduction
35.2.Appetite Stimulants
35.2.1.Megestrol Acetate (MA)
35.2.2.Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride (CH)
35.2.3.Dronobinal (Marinol)
35.2.4.Antipsychotic/Antidepressant Agents
35.2.4.1.Antipsychotic Drugs
35.2.4.2.Antidepressants
35.2.5.Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (rhGH)
35.2.6.Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS)
35.3.Applications to Other Areas of Terminal or Palliative Care
Ethical Issues
Summary Points
List of Abbreviations
References
ch. 36 Warfarin
Nutrition Interactions in the Hospice and Palliative Care Setting / Jeffrey L. Spiess
36.1.Introduction
36.2.The Coagulation Cascade
36.3.Vitamin K Antagonists
36.4.Warfarin in Clinical Practice
36.5.Warfarin Indications and Cautions
36.6.Vitamin K
36.7.Vitamin K as a Therapeutic Agent
36.8.Non-Vitamin K Warfarin-Nutrition Interactions
36.9.Application to Other Areas of Terminal or Palliative Care
36.10.Guidelines
Ethical Issues
Summary Points
Acknowledgments
List of Abbreviations
References.

Diet and nutrition in palliative care /

Podobné jednotky